High Albedos of Cirrus in the Tropical Pacific Warm Pool: Microphysical Interpretations from CEPEX and from Kwajalein, Marshall Islands

1996 ◽  
Vol 53 (17) ◽  
pp. 2424-2451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Heymsfield ◽  
Greg M. McFarquhar
Keyword(s):  
Warm Pool ◽  
Tropical Pacific ◽  
Marshall Islands ◽  
Pacific Warm Pool ◽  
The Tropical Pacific

scholarly journals Tropospheric ozone budget: regional and global calculations

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 991-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. O’Connor ◽  
K. S. Law ◽  
J. A. Pyle ◽  
H. Barjat ◽  
N. Brough ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Warm Pool ◽  
Tropical Pacific ◽  
Pacific Warm Pool ◽  
Regional Budget ◽  
Azores High ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Regional Budgets ◽  
The Tropical Pacific

Abstract. Results from a tropospheric three-dimensional chemical transport model (TOMCAT) have been used to examine the terms of the ozone budget, both regionally and globally. The global calculations are discussed in light of other published estimates. Regional budgets are calculated for continental regions, including the American Mid-West, Sahara, and central Europe. These are compared with regional budgets for oceanic regions, including the Azores High and the Tropical Pacific Warm Pool. Furthermore, the coastal region of the UK and Ireland is also considered. The validity of these regional budgets from TOMCAT are discussed by comparing TOMCAT with measurements from a number of aircraft campaigns. The budgets for central Europe and the American Mid-West indicate that continental regions dominate the ozone budget of the northern extratropics. This is in spite of the remote oceanic regions being photochemical sinks for ozone. The regional budget calculations for the UK and Ireland exhibit net photochemical production of ozone in the boundary layer but this is not consistent with available aircraft measurements. This is attributed to the coarse horizontal resolution of the TOMCAT model which results in the model's photochemical budget being more typical of a polluted continental region than a relatively remote one. On the other hand, the ozone photochemical rates calculated for the Azores High and the Tropical Pacific Warm Pool agree rather well with other estimates.

A 12-Million-Year Temperature History of the Tropical Pacific Ocean

Science ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 344 (6179) ◽  
pp. 84-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Ge Zhang ◽  
Mark Pagani ◽  
Zhonghui Liu
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Warm Pool ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Temperature History ◽  
Seawater Chemistry ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Pacific Warm Pool ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Tropical Pacific

The appearance of permanent El Niño–like conditions prior to 3 million years ago is founded on sea-surface temperature (SST) reconstructions that show invariant Pacific warm pool temperatures and negligible equatorial zonal temperature gradients. However, only a few SST records are available, and these are potentially compromised by changes in seawater chemistry, diagenesis, and calibration limitations. For this study, we establish new biomarker-SST records and show that the Pacific warm pool was ~4°C warmer 12 million years ago. Both the warm pool and cold tongue slowly cooled toward modern conditions while maintaining a zonal temperature gradient of ~3°C in the late Miocene, which increased during the Plio-Pleistocene. Our results contrast with previous temperature reconstructions that support the supposition of a permanent El Niño–like state.

How Many ENSO Flavors Can We Distinguish?*

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 4816-4827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Warm Pool ◽  
Tropical Pacific ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Western Pacific Warm Pool ◽  
La Nina ◽  
Pacific Warm Pool ◽  
Sst Anomalies

Abstract It is now widely recognized that El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) occurs in more than one form, with the canonical eastern Pacific (EP) and more recently recognized central Pacific (CP) ENSO types receiving the most focus. Given that these various ENSO “flavors” may contribute to climate variability and long-term trends in unique ways, and that ENSO variability is not limited to these two types, this study presents a framework that treats ENSO as a continuum but determines a finite maximum number of statistically distinguishable representative ENSO patterns. A neural network–based cluster analysis called self-organizing map (SOM) analysis paired with a statistical distinguishability test determines nine unique patterns that characterize the September–February tropical Pacific SST anomaly fields for the period from 1950 through 2011. These nine patterns represent the flavors of ENSO, which include EP, CP, and mixed ENSO patterns. Over the 1950–2011 period, the most significant trends reflect changes in La Niña patterns, with a shift in dominance of La Niña–like patterns with weak or negative western Pacific warm pool SST anomalies until the mid-1970s, followed by a dominance of La Niña–like patterns with positive western Pacific warm pool SST anomalies, particularly after the mid-1990s. Both an EP and especially a CP El Niño pattern experienced positive frequency trends, but these trends are indistinguishable from natural variability. Overall, changes in frequency within the ENSO continuum contributed to the pattern of tropical Pacific warming, particularly in the equatorial eastern Pacific and especially in relation to changes of La Niña–like rather than El Niño–like patterns.

scholarly journals Early Bomb Radiocarbon Detected in Palau Archipelago Corals

Radiocarbon ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 1659-1664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Glynn ◽  
Ellen Druffel ◽  
Sheila Griffin ◽  
Robert Dunbar ◽  
Michael Osborne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Warm Pool ◽  
Marshall Islands ◽  
North Equatorial Current ◽  
The North ◽  
Pacific Warm Pool ◽  
Bomb Radiocarbon ◽  
C Value ◽  
Equatorial Current ◽  
Lateral Advection ◽  
The Western Pacific

In order to evaluate the variability in surface water masses in the Western Pacific Warm Pool, we report high-precision radiocarbon measurements in annual and seasonal bands from Pontes lutea corals collected from the Palau Archipelago (7°N, 134°E). Annual coral bands from 1945 to 2008 and seasonal samples from 1953 to 1957 were analyzed to capture the initial early input of bomb 14C from surface thermonuclear weapons testing in the Marshall Islands. Results show a pre-bomb average δ14C value of-54.9% between 1945 and early 1953. Beginning early in 1954, there is a rapid increase to a maximum of-23.1% at the start of 1955. Values continued to rise after 1957 to a post-bomb peak of 141% by 1976. The large initial rise in δ14C cannot be accounted for by air-sea CO2 exchange. Results therefore suggest that the primary cause of this increase is the lateral advection of fallout-contaminated water from the Marshall Islands to Palau via the North Equatorial Current and then to the North Equatorial Countercurrent.

scholarly journals A Multimodel Ensemble Pattern Regression Method to Correct the Tropical Pacific SST Change Patterns under Global Warming

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 4706-4723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Huang ◽  
Jun Ying
Keyword(s):  
Regional Climate ◽  
Walker Circulation ◽  
Regional Climate Change ◽  
Warm Pool ◽  
Tropical Pacific ◽  
Multimodel Ensemble ◽  
Epr Method ◽  
Circulation Change ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Tropical Pacific

Abstract This study develops a new observational constraint method, called multimodel ensemble pattern regression (EPR), to correct the projections of regional climate change by the conventional unweighted multimodel mean (MMM). The EPR method first extracts leading modes of historical bias using intermodel EOF analysis, then builds up the linear correlated modes between historical bias and change bias using multivariant linear regression, and finally estimates the common change bias induced by common historical bias. Along with correcting common change bias, the EPR method implicitly removes the intermodel uncertainty in the change projection deriving from the intermodel diversity in background simulation. The EPR method is applied to correct the patterns of tropical Pacific SST changes using the historical and representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) runs in 30 models from phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5) and observed SSTs. The common bias patterns of the tropical Pacific SSTs in historical runs, including the excessive cold tongue, the southeastern warm bias, and the narrower warm pool, are estimated to induce La Niña–like change biases. After the estimated common change biases are removed, the corrected SST changes display a pronounced El Niño–like pattern and have much greater zonal gradients. The bias correction decreases by around half of the intermodel uncertainties in the MMM SST projections. The patterns of corrected tropical precipitation and circulation change are dominated by the enhanced SST change patterns, displaying a pronounced warmer-get-wetter pattern and a decreased Walker circulation with decreased uncertainties.

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